{"id":13142,"date":"2022-07-19T12:26:54","date_gmt":"2022-07-19T10:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.pyreg.de\/biochar-from-sewage-sludge-the-phosphorus-fertilizer-for-a-safe-and-sustainable-agriculture\/"},"modified":"2023-02-15T15:28:00","modified_gmt":"2023-02-15T14:28:00","slug":"biochar-from-sewage-sludge-the-phosphorus-fertilizer-for-a-safe-and-sustainable-agriculture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dev.pyreg.de\/de\/biochar-from-sewage-sludge-the-phosphorus-fertilizer-for-a-safe-and-sustainable-agriculture\/","title":{"rendered":"Biochar from sewage sludge: the phos\u00adphorus ferti\u00adlizer for a safe and sustainable agriculture"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Danish EPA gives green light for appli\u00adca\u00adtion of biochar from sewage sludge for use in farming: Biochar from sewage sludge can now be used as a ferti\u00adlizer. If the pyro\u00adlysis takes place at tempe\u00adra\u00adtures > 500\u02daC for more than 3 minutes, and the process tempe\u00adra\u00adture and dura\u00adtion is docu\u00admented, the Danish Envi\u00adron\u00admental Protec\u00adtion Agency inter\u00adprets that the process may consti\u00adtute a controlled waste hygie\u00adnisa\u00adtion. After Sweden and the Czech Repu\u00adblic, this is the third EU country to take this important step towards closing cycles and secu\u00adring phos\u00adphorus resources.<\/strong><\/p>\n

This is the result of the joint efforts of AquaGreen Denmark<\/a>, the Euro\u00adpean Biochar Industry Consor\u00adtium EBI<\/a> and many biochar supporters. The EBI calls on the EU Commis\u00adsion to include biochar from sewage sludge in the EU Ferti\u00adlizer Regu\u00adla\u00adtion as an important step towards a safe and sustainable circular economy and agri\u00adcul\u00adture<\/strong>. In the absence of a clear posi\u00adtion on pyro\u00adlysis as a means of upgrading sewage sludge, the EBI has addressed a posi\u00adtion paper to the Euro\u00adpean Commis\u00adsion. It describes the Pyro\u00adlysis process and summa\u00adrizes the current state of rese\u00adarch as follows:<\/p>\n

What is pyrolysis?
\n<\/strong>The heating of biomass in a low-oxygen envi\u00adron\u00adment is called pyro\u00adlysis. Pyro\u00adlysis converts organic carbon into a gas (pyro\u00adlysis gas) and fixed\/elemental carbon. While organic carbon is degra\u00addable and while during its natural degra\u00adda\u00adtion, green\u00adhouse gases like CO2<\/sub> or CH4 <\/sub>are released into the atmo\u00adsphere, fixed carbon is recal\u00adci\u00adtrant (resistant to weathering\/degradation). Unless it is burned, it will not react with any element and stay in its stable form as C. Thus, it can be considered as a perma\u00adnent carbon sink if used in a mate\u00adrial way (no combus\u00adtion). The speci\u00adfi\u00adci\u00adties of the pyro\u00adlysis process include:
\n\u2013 A tempe\u00adra\u00adture and process time high enough to \u201cdecom\u00adpose\u201d and\/or \u201cvola\u00adti\u00adlize\u201d major feedstock conta\u00admi\u00adnants, like virus or micro\u00adpol\u00adlut\u00adants (see below).
\n\u2013 The reten\u00adtion of key nutri\u00adents (like phos\u00adphorus) in the solid phase.
\n\u2013 The capa\u00adcity to convert part of the carbon contained in the feedstock into \u201crecal\u00adci\u00adtrant carbon\u201d in the char, ensu\u00adring a stable carbon sink if the char is not
\noxidized (burnt). This process is called Pyro\u00adlytic Carbon Capture and Storage (PyCCS).<\/p>\n

Pyro\u00adlysis destroys feedstock pathogens<\/strong>
\nSewage sludge origi\u00adnates mainly from human excre\u00adments. Natu\u00adrally, the sludge contains patho\u00adgens and pyro\u00adgens, which are of public health concern. Stan\u00addard hygie\u00adniza\u00adtion of sewage sludge e.g., heating of the sludge to 70\u00b0C, does not elimi\u00adnate spores, pyro\u00adgens or pathogens.
\nThe process condi\u00adtions of pyro\u00adlysis (> 350\u00b0C for several minutes) are much harsher than approved steri\u00adliza\u00adtion condi\u00adtions (Requi\u00adring 132\u00b0C for 4 minutes with steam (see CDC Steam Steri\u00adliza\u00adtion Disin\u00adfec\u00adtion & Steri\u00adliza\u00adtion Guide\u00adlines) and 250\u00b0C to remove pyro\u00adgens (bacte\u00adrial endo\u00adto\u00adxins) under dry condi\u00adtions (Dry Heat Steri\u00adliza\u00adtion). DNA is dena\u00adtured at 90 \u00b0C, hence pyro\u00adlysis removes all patho\u00adgens and pyro\u00adgens contained in sewage sludge (incl. bacteria, fungi, vira, spores, para\u00adsites, anti\u00adbiotic resis\u00adtance genes etc)<\/strong>, from the final product, i.e. the biochar, thereby elimi\u00adna\u00adting these public health concerns.<\/p>\n

Pyro\u00adlysis elimi\u00adnates micro\u00adpol\u00adlut\u00adants from sewage sludge.<\/strong>
\nIncre\u00adasing concern is raised regar\u00adding sewage sludge spre\u00ada\u00adding on farm\u00adland, due to the presence of micro\u00adpol\u00adlut\u00adants in sludges. Recent scien\u00adtific rese\u00adarch has demons\u00adtrated that pyro\u00adlysis will have a destruc\u00adtion or removal effect on several types of micropollutants:<\/p>\n

Organic pollut\u00adants (phar\u00admaceu\u00adti\u00adcals, hormone disrupting molecules):<\/strong>
\nRecent scien\u00adtific evidence shows that, at suffi\u00adci\u00adently severe pyro\u00adlysis tempe\u00adra\u00adtures (> 500\u00b0C) and resi\u00addence times (> 3 min), all refe\u00adrence organic conta\u00admi\u00adnants and organic micro\u00adpol\u00adlut\u00adants were comple\u00adtely or nearly comple\u00adtely degraded or driven off the solid mate\u00adrial. A study published by the German Ministry of Envi\u00adron\u00adment in 2019 (Bundes\u00adum\u00adweltamt 2019)<\/a> inves\u00adti\u00adgated phar\u00admaceu\u00adtical resi\u00addues of various bioso\u00adlids after pyro\u00adlytic treat\u00adments above 500 \u00b0C. Follo\u00adwing the pyro\u00adlysis treat\u00adment with opera\u00adting tempe\u00adra\u00adtures above 500\u00b0C all values of the inves\u00adti\u00adgated phar\u00admaceu\u00adti\u00adcals were below the detec\u00adtion limit. The authors concluded: With thermo-chemical treat\u00adments (i.e. pyro\u00adlysis) a complete destruc\u00adtion of the phar\u00admaceu\u00adtical resi\u00addues is achieved. No further tech\u00adnical treat\u00adment measures are necessary.<\/p>\n

PFAS:<\/strong>
\nPFASs have been used in consumer products since the 1940s. They are extre\u00admely persis\u00adtent and accu\u00admu\u00adlate in the envi\u00adron\u00adment as well as in our bodies. For this reason, they are often referred to as \u201eforever chemi\u00adcals.\u201c Accor\u00adding to rese\u00adarch, some of them cause serious health effects such as cancer and liver damage. Per- and Poly\u00adfluo\u00adro\u00adalkyl Subs\u00adtances (PFAS) are elimi\u00adnated by the process of pyro\u00adlysis. Kundu et al. [2] found that >90% of PFOS and PFOA in sewage sludge were destroyed in a pyro\u00adlysis-combus\u00adtion inte\u00adgrated process. Evidence from the US EPA Office of Rese\u00adarch and Deve\u00adlo\u00adp\u00adment (2021) work with Bioforcetech\u2019s commer\u00adci\u00adally installed PYREG pyro\u00adlysis plant<\/a> shows that pyro\u00adlysis at 600\u00b0C for 10 minutes and combus\u00adtion of pyro\u00adlysis gases at 850\u00b0C elimi\u00adnate PFAS from sewage sludge [3].<\/strong>
\nBiof\u00adorce\u00adtech (2021) has reported<\/a> 38 PFAS compounds that were all kept at or removed to below detec\u00adtion limit in the biochar in their pyro\u00adlysis and pyro\u00adlysis gas burning process [4].<\/p>\n

PAH: <\/strong>
\nDirect land spre\u00ada\u00adding of sewage sludge is a preferred method in some Euro\u00adpean count\u00adries. A poten\u00adtial issue with this method is the elevated content of poly\u00adcy\u00adclic aromatic hydro\u00adcar\u00adbons (PAH) in sludges. The process of pyro\u00adlysis can elimi\u00adnate the content of those to below detec\u00adtion limits in the biochar with proper design of the pyro\u00adlysis process (Mo\u0161ko et al., 2021) demons\u00adtrated that slow pyro\u00adlysis > 400 \u00b0C removed more than 99.8 % of PCB, PAH, and endo\u00adcrine disrupting and hormonal compounds studied<\/strong> [5]. The conclu\u00adsion from the study is \u201chigh tempe\u00adra\u00adture (>600 \u00b0C) slow pyro\u00adlysis can satis\u00adfac\u00adtory remove organic pollut\u00adants from the resul\u00adting sludge-char, which could be safely applied as soil improver.<\/p>\n

Pyro\u00adlysis elimi\u00adnates micro\u00adpla\u00ads\u00adtics from sewage sludge<\/strong>
\nRese\u00adarch indi\u00adcates that sewage sludge is a sink for micro\u00adpla\u00ads\u00adtics and further hand\u00adling of sewage sludge is critical for poten\u00adtial dispersal. Thus, effec\u00adtive reduc\u00adtion of micro\u00adpla\u00ads\u00adtics in the sludge is an important issue (Rolsky et al., 2020). The elimi\u00adna\u00adtion of micro\u00adpla\u00adstic conta\u00admi\u00adnants can be assured by the high tempe\u00adra\u00adture during the treat\u00adment and the resi\u00addence time. Ni et al. 2020 [6] found that \u201cPoly\u00adethy\u00adlene and poly\u00adpro\u00adpy\u00adlene, the two most abun\u00addant micro\u00adpla\u00ads\u00adtics in sewage sludge, were enti\u00adrely degraded when the pyro\u00adlysis tempe\u00adra\u00adture reached 450 \u00b0C.\u201d<\/strong><\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

The phos\u00adphorus present in the feedstock is retained in the pyro\u00adlysis char<\/strong>
\nPhos\u00adphorus must be reco\u00advered from sewage sludge in more and more EU member states so that fields can be ferti\u00adlized with this recy\u00adcled phos\u00adphorus in the future. There are various methods for phos\u00adphorus reco\u00advery, but pyro\u00adlysis at tempe\u00adra\u00adtures from 500-800 \u00b0C is among the most carbon effi\u00adcient and leads to a product that is directly useable as a ferti\u00adlizer for soil appli\u00adca\u00adtions without the need for any further chemical extra\u00adc\u00adtion<\/strong>. The P-avai\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlity (P2<\/sub>O5<\/sub>) of the sludge biochar is between 40-80% in ammo\u00adnium citrate (Fried\u00adrich et. al. 2015) [7] which is a highly suitable method for measu\u00adring the value as a P-ferti\u00adlizer (Kratz, S.; Schnug, E., 2009) [8]. Accor\u00adding to the same refe\u00adrence this indi\u00adcates a highly valuable fertilizer.<\/p>\n

Sources:<\/p>\n

[1] Paz-Ferreiro J, Nieto A, M\u00e9ndez A, Askeland M, Gasc\u00f3 G (2018) Biochar from Bioso\u00adlids Pyro\u00adlysis: A Review. Inter\u00adna\u00adtional Journal of Envi\u00adron\u00admental Rese\u00adarch and Public Health, 15, 956
\n[2] Removal of PFASs from bioso\u00adlids using a semi-pilot scale pyro\u00adlysis reactor and the appli\u00adca\u00adtion of bioso\u00adlids derived biochar for the removal of PFASs from conta\u00admi\u00adnated water, Kundu S. et al, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2021, 7, 638\u2013649
\n[3] EPA PFAS inno\u00adva\u00adtive treat\u00adment team (PITT) findings on PFAS destruc\u00adtion tech\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgies, EPA Tools & Resources Webinar February 17, 2021, Gullett B.
\n[4] https:\/\/ccag.ca.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/BFT_FEB_2020-1.pdf
\n[5] Effect of pyro\u00adlysis tempe\u00adra\u00adture on removal of organic pollut\u00adants present in anae\u00adro\u00adbically stabi\u00adlized sewage sludge, Mo\u0161ko J. et al, Chemo\u00adsphere 265
\n(2021) 12982
\n[6] Ni et al., 2020: Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. 2020, 7, 12, 961\u2013967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.estlett.0c00740
\n[7] Deut\u00adsche Gesell\u00adschaft f\u00fcr Abfall\u00adwirt\u00adschaft e.V., 5. Wissen\u00adschafts\u00adkon\u00adgress Abfall- und Ressourcen- wirt\u00adschaft am 19. und 20. M\u00e4rz 2015 an der Univer\u00adsit\u00e4t Inns\u00adbruck Kevin Fried\u00adrich, Katha\u00adrina Schuh, Thomas Appel Trockene Kl\u00e4r\u00adschlamm\u00adkar\u00adbo\u00adni\u00adsie\u00adrung \u2013 ist ein dezen\u00adtrales Phos\u00adphor\u00adre\u00adcy\u00adcling m\u00f6glich?
\n[8] Kratz, S.; Schnug, E., 2009 On the solu\u00adbi\u00adlity and plant avai\u00adla\u00adbi\u00adlity of phos\u00adphorus from mineral ferti\u00adli\u00adzers \u2013 a review, JOURNAL F\u00dcR KULTUR\u00adPFLANZEN, 61 (1). S. 2\u20138, 2009, ISSN 0027-7479 VERLAG EUGEN ULMER KG, STUTTGART,<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Danish EPA gives green light for appli\u00adca\u00adtion of biochar from sewage sludge for use in farming: Biochar from sewage sludge can now be used as a ferti\u00adlizer. If the pyro\u00adlysis takes place at tempe\u00adra\u00adtures > 500\u02daC for more than 3 minutes, and the process tempe\u00adra\u00adture and dura\u00adtion is docu\u00admented, the Danish Envi\u00adron\u00admental Protec\u00adtion Agency [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":6719,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[253,239,242,323,398,237,255,251],"tags":[399,397,400,401,402,403],"yoast_head":"\nBiochar from sewage sludge: the phosphorus fertilizer for a safe and sustainable agriculture - PYREG<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.pyreg.de\/de\/biochar-from-sewage-sludge-the-phosphorus-fertilizer-for-a-safe-and-sustainable-agriculture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Biochar from sewage sludge: the phosphorus fertilizer for a safe and sustainable agriculture - PYREG\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Danish EPA gives green light for appli\u00adca\u00adtion of biochar from sewage sludge for use in farming: Biochar from sewage sludge can now be used as a ferti\u00adlizer. 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